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Title: :  Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks
PaperId: :  27670
Published in:   International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education
Publisher:   IJARIIE
e-ISSN:   2395-4396
Volume/Issue:    Volume 11 Issue 6 2025
DUI:    16.0415/IJARIIE-27670
Licence: :   IJARIIE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author NameAuthor Institute
Amisha vinola loboAlvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
Ananya DevadigaAlvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
Amith NAlvas Institute of Engineering and Technology
Akshith J KAlvas Institute of Engineering and Technology

Abstract

Computer networks and IoT
IoT, LLN, RPL, LOADng, ORPL, CTP, mobility, energy harvesting, rank attack, reinforcement learning, Contiki, Cooja, DODAG, objective function
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized modern connectivity by enabling billions of resource-constrained devices to communicate in challenging environments such as industrial automation, smart agriculture, healthcare monitoring, and ve- hicular networks. These devices operate within Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs), characterized by limited battery life, low-duty-cycle radios (e.g., IEEE 802.15.4), high packet loss rates (up to 30%), and dynamic topologies due to node mobility or environmental interference. Efficient routing in LLNs is critical for ensuring reliable data delivery, energy conservation, and network longevity. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of prominent LLN routing protocols, including RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs), LOADng, ORPL, CTP, and five advanced RPL enhancements: LANTERN, MAPLE, LEADER, Sec-OF, and a mobility-energy impact study. We evaluate performance across key metrics—Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption per packet, control overhead, convergence time, memory footprint, and resilience to mobility and security attacks—using standardized simulation platforms (Contiki/Cooja) and real testbeds. Results demonstrate that while RPL offers superior scalability and standardization, it suffers from rank attacks, mobility-induced overhead, and lack of energy harvesting awareness. LANTERN achieves up to 5.7× lifetime extension in solar-powered networks, MAPLE delivers over 99% PRR in mobile scenarios, and LEADER/Sec-OF provide lightweight security with minimal overhead. We propose HARP, a novel hybrid framework that integrates RPL’s DODAG structure with reinforcement learning, opportunistic forwarding, and secure objective functions. This work serves as a practical guide for researchers and practitioners in selecting and enhancing routing protocols for next-generation IoT deployments.

Citations

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IJARIIE Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks" International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education Volume 11 Issue 6 2025 Page 382-388
MLA Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education 11.6(2025) : 382-388.
APA Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, & Akshith J K. (2025). Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks. International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, 11(6), 382-388.
Chicago Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education 11, no. 6 (2025) : 382-388.
Oxford Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. 'Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks', International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, vol. 11, no. 6, 2025, p. 382-388. Available from IJARIIE, http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Comparative_Analysis_of_IoT_Based_Routing_Protocols_for__Lossy_and_Low_Powered_Networks_ijariie27670.pdf (Accessed : ).
Harvard Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. (2025) 'Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks', International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, 11(6), pp. 382-388IJARIIE [Online]. Available at: http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Comparative_Analysis_of_IoT_Based_Routing_Protocols_for__Lossy_and_Low_Powered_Networks_ijariie27670.pdf (Accessed : )
IEEE Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K, "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks," International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 382-388, Nov-Dec 2025. [Online]. Available: http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Comparative_Analysis_of_IoT_Based_Routing_Protocols_for__Lossy_and_Low_Powered_Networks_ijariie27670.pdf [Accessed : ].
Turabian Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. "Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks." International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education [Online]. volume 11 number 6 ().
Vancouver Amisha vinola lobo, Ananya Devadiga, Amith N, and Akshith J K. Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Routing Protocols for Lossy and Low-Powered Networks. International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education [Internet]. 2025 [Cited : ]; 11(6) : 382-388. Available from: http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Comparative_Analysis_of_IoT_Based_Routing_Protocols_for__Lossy_and_Low_Powered_Networks_ijariie27670.pdf
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